Susan Wolf s Article Moral Saints And John Stuart...

Both Susan Wolf’s article â€Å"Moral Saints† and John Stuart Mill’s book â€Å"Utilitarianism† will be discussed here. These works offer expositions of and opinions on the philosophical issue of the moral worth of adhering to a certain set of values, and how a person’s motivations for doing so can change their worth and the desirability of their way of life. Wolf offers the position that leading an extremely morally good life is undesirable, while Mill’s opposing position is that if morality leads to happiness, then that behavior is preferable. To determine which of these stances on the value of morality has the most pertinence, these two arguments will be outlined and consequently analyzed. Their differences and similarities will be enumerated and described, and consequently their merit will be discussed. Finally, Wolf’s moral theory will be proven to be inferior to Mills’s, due to its prejudice, lack of supportive evidence, a nd its inability to be universally applicable. In â€Å"Moral Saints†, Susan Wolf defines a moral saint as an individual who is as morally good as it is possible to be. Wolf suggests that there are two types of moral saints, utilitarian and Kantian (Wolf 420). A utilitarian saint is a â€Å"Loving Saint†, one who simply finds their own happiness in the happiness of others and performs moral actions for their own sake (Wolf 420). A Kantian saint is a â€Å"Rational Saint†, who is inherently different from a utilitarian/loving saint in the sense that they do not necessarilyShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesmechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Ma ny of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations

Developmental Development Erik Erikson ( 1902-1994 )

There are five stages of the developmental lifespan, within each stage there are five different areas of development. Erik Erikson (1902-1994) believed that psychological development continues throughout a person’s life, he went on to develop his eight stages of psychosocial development. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) on the other hand believed that childhood experiences affect adult personality and by the time a person reaches adolescence their psychological development is set, his five stages of psychosexual personality development was established. The lifespan begins in infancy (0-2years). Physical changes are experienced by the child during this stage. They begin to sit without any assistance, move around and also grasp on to objects†¦show more content†¦The second conflict occurs between 1 and 2 years of age; autonomy v shame and doubt. A child will begin to emphasise their independence, the caregiver should be supportive and encouraging in this stage to aid with the child’s growing confidence. Freud’s theory of psychosexual personality development states that different areas of the body called ‘erogenous zones’ take on specific importance at each of the five stages. The first year of life is known as the ‘Oral stage’. At this stage infants get pleasure from putting things in their mouth and sucking. If a child gets fixated at this stage Freud believed that later in life they would be dominated by feelings of helplessness and be incapable of personal love for other people. The second stage in Freud’s theory is the ‘Anal stage’. Toilet training occurs during this stage and Freud emphasised the process and control of defecation as the source of pleasure. The next lifespan stage is childhood (2-12years). A child’s emotional development is continuing as the child will be developing a sense of self awareness as well as establishing their personality and gender. Social skills will develop greatly as friendships will be formed and a child will take on a certain role within the new group setting. A continuation of primary socialisation occurs during this period of time in a child’s life. Cultural development also occurs at this stage as children will be deciding whether or not to take part in

Causes of Spectator Violence in Sports free essay sample

Causes of Spectator Violence in Sports As a season ticket holder for all Philadelphia Phillies and Philadelphia Eagles home games, I’ve seen my fair share of spectator violence over the years. The fact that Philadelphia has a reputation of having some of the rowdiest fans in sports has given me the unfortunate ability to witness spectator violence right before my eyes. There are many different types of spectator violence, as well as many different causes for them. As spectators, we must not only think about the instant repercussions of this violence, but we also need to think about the future repercussions of these actions. As spectator violence is becoming more prevalent in sports, the children spectators are going to start to believe that this is normal, and the violence will continue to worsen. In order to begin to rectify this issue of spectator violence, we must first identify the causes and warning signs. There are many different types of spectator violence. According to Tamara Madensen and John Eck, authors of â€Å"The Problem of Spectator Violence in Stadiums, these are the six most common forms of spectator aggression: 1. Verbal – singing, chanting, taunting, etc. . Gesturing – signaling to others with threatening or obscene motions. 3. â€Å"Missile† throwing – throwing items such as food, drinks, bricks, bottles, broken seats, and cell phones at particular or random targets 4. Swarming – rushing the field or court trying to gain entry, typically resulting in trampling of spectators 5. Property Destruction – either personal property or venue property 6. Physical – spitting, kicking, punching, stabbings, and shootings (1-2) All of these types of spectator violence can be highly dangerous. The â€Å"Missile† throwing and the physical violence are the most prevalent. Spectators are not always the only participants in these altercations. There have been instances where stadium personnel or athletes have been involved in altercations with fans. When this occurs, the wrong message is sent out to the rest of the spectators. The second an athlete or security personnel become involved in an altercation, the situation immediately worsens because fans begin to think it is acceptable. According to Stacey Hall, Associate Director of the National Center for Spectator Sports Safety and Security, â€Å"there are six event characteristics associated with spectator violence, including alcohol intoxication and availability, crowd demographics, event significance, performance quality, crowding, and performer behavior during duration of the event†(18). In order to come with a solution to spectator violence, it is important to identify the causes of these altercations. The most common cause of spectator violence in sports is alcohol intoxication. Everywhere you look in a professional sports stadium, you will see a kiosk, vendor, or bar selling alcohol. We all know that alcohol intoxication leads to poor decision making. When thousands of passionate fans are crammed together in an arena with alcohol being consumed, altercations are bound to occur. Often times, spectators arrive to the game early and â€Å"tailgate† with large quantities of alcohol and food to get ready for the game. If the Eagles are playing a 4PM football game, you will find hundreds of spectators in the parking lot at 8AM with kegs full of beer and music playing loudly. Drinking all day, along with watching a violent sport like football often times leads to violence. An angry, drunken sports fan, aggravated by the difficulty of getting to the event, parking, dealing with crowds, stirred up by a support group of pals, is easily provoked by the very presence of other violent behavior, namely that on the field,† Stanley Cheren, M. D. , of the Boston University School of Medicine wrote in â€Å"The Psychiatric Perspective: Psychological Aspects of Violen ce in Sports† in the February 1981 issue of the Journal of Sport and Social Issues (Appelson 404). The aggression that many spectators exhibit is often times connected to the aggression that they witness in the sport they are watching. It is no coincidence that the sports that have a higher level of aggression also have more incidents involving spectator violence. Hockey, Soccer, and Football are the three sports where we hear about the most fights and altercations in the stands. Yes, there are incidents in other sports such as Basketball and Baseball, but they are few and far between. When fans see the athletes acting aggressively, it quickly elevates the aggression level in the stands (Adamson 404). Hockey is the only sport where fighting is actually NOT frowned upon amongst the athletes. In fact, it’s almost glorified. If you ever watch a sporting event, other than hockey, where a fight breaks out or there is an altercation in the stands, the camera quickly pans away from it, or the station goes to commercial. In hockey, the announcers begin announcing the fight as if it were a boxing match. It’s no coincidence that hockey also sees a large number of violent interactions amongst fans in the stands. Another issue that tends to lead to aggression and violence in the stands is the overcrowding of stadiums and the seating arrangements. Often times, fans have spent time in traffic on their way to the event. They’ve spent time finding a parking spot and waited in line while trying to get into the stadium. They have most likely already had a few alcoholic beverages as well. All of these small â€Å"speedbumps† on the way to the event can tend to frustrate the spectators. Combining these small annoyances with alcohol can only frustrate them more. So, when they finally make it to their seat and realize that they are almost sitting on top of the person next to them, tension levels begin to rise. There are also venues that offer general admission tickets. These tickets don’t guarantee a seat for the spectator. There are many times where the spectator must stand for the entire event. Just as Madenson and Eck write, â€Å"One of the most consistent findings regarding higher levels of aggression in stadiums relates to the type of seating available to spectators Individual seats are related to lower violence levels, while general admission seating requires spectators to stand, often generates higher violence levels† (3). The tight crowds, as well as lack of order in the general admission area, lead to the higher level aggression. The easy entrance and exit flow of assigned seating also helps to lower the amount of altercations amongst spectators. Just like with any other problem, knowing the cause is the first step to finding a solution. In the case of spectator violence, there are many causes. As previously stated, one of the most common causes of spectator violence is overindulgence in alcoholic beverages before/during the games. The venue should begin patrolling the parking lots for â€Å"tailgaters† before the games. Since the parking lots are on private property, the venue has the ability to control the alcohol consumption. Once the event has begun, alcohol should only be served in plastic cups. Many overseas sporting venues have switched to plastic cups in order to minimize the use of glass bottles and even plastic bottles as dangerous missiles. All sports should increase the penalties for fighting during the game. Instead of small fines which barely put a dent in the athletes’ pocket, each league should institute large fines and suspensions without pay for fighting. This will definitely lower the amount of fights and hopefully will lessen the levels of aggression in the stands. As far as the seating situation in venues, there is not going to be a way to get rid of the general admission area. However, limiting the amount of general admission tickets sold will leave more room in the general admission area for the spectators. This will lower aggression levels and keep the spectators from getting to crowded. Sporting events are supposed to be a stress-reliever for spectators in today’s busy world. We should not have to worry about our safety while at these events. We spend a large amount of money for our tickets and part of this fee should be going towards security in the stadium. There are always going to be isolated events anytime a large group of strangers get together, however, making sure all precautions are taken is the most that we can ask of the venue. Spectator violence can become deadly, and in most situations can be easily prevented with just a few precautions. Works Cited Appleson, Gail. Spectator Violence: What they see is what they do?. American Bar Association Journal 68. 4 (1982): 404. Business Source Corporate.

Racial Discrimination Tacoma an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Racial Discrimination Tacoma Introduction Racial discrimination, ethnicity, sectarian violence, religious animosity, tribal clashes and nepotism are rampant forms of racial segregation in most communities. Where such kinds of vices are common, civil strife and animosity are manifested, and often-bloody clashes and tensions result. For peace to prevail in any given community tolerance amongst the different races in a given community is required (Albert, Peter, & Ronald 1990). In addition the law enforcement agencies are required to keep vigilant as traces of racial strife still manifest themselves in any given society. In this autobiographical paper I will discuss the challenges facing the Tacoma community in terms of racial relations. Need essay sample on "Racial Discrimination Tacoma" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed I am a Caucasian with familial ties to Irish and Scotch, a native of Tacoma, Washington and my community is predominantly Caucasian. There are however many race related problems in the Tacoma community. Police profiling is a major problem in the community as police often discriminate against the racial minorities. Police in Tacoma Washington have in many occasions been accused of harassing and arresting at will people from some races without clear reasons and on baseless grounds. The Tacoma community is approximated at 200,000 people according to the census report of the year 2002. The community of Tacoma is comprised of several races. About 69% of the total population of community comprise of whites. Therefore, the whites form majority of the residents in Tacoma. African Americans constitute approximately 11% of the Tacoma community, while Asians constitute about 8% of the total Tacoma population. The other races which comprise the Tacoma community include American Indians about 2.0% and others which comprise of about 3.0%. Major economic activities of the Tacoma community include agriculture, manufacturing, forestry and fishing. Racial discrimination at Tacoma is evident in all spheres of life such as education, and job opportunities. The whites being the majority have at sometimes been accused of being discriminatory to the racial minority, mainly the African Americans and American Indians. In Tacoma community, opportunities in the social arena, political arena, educational opportunities and even economic opportunities have largely been disproportionate and based on race and ethnicity. Evidently, in the Tacoma community racial minorities have continued to be treated differently. There are also some incidents whereby some students are unable to access scholarship and sponsorships due to the fact that they belong to the racial minority groups. Where this happened, action has been taken and corrective measures followed include the legal procedures, this shows that, despite presence of racial discrimination, efforts are being put at the community level to fight the vice. Social life in Tacoma has been boosted in that all residents regardless of their race have an access to religious meeting places, amusement parks and are free to visit any place regardless of their race. Although there is a high crime rate in Tacoma, the communities live in harmony and rarely are any incidences of racially motivated crime reported. The other less often spoken about discrimination that happens in Tacoma is that of non-heterosexuals such as homosexuals, bi-sexuals and trans-genders. The above groups have occasionally been treated unfairly leading to a new form of discrimination. Traditionally, the non-heterosexuals have been a minority group and have therefore been viewed as a minority community. The above has become an issue of human rights that needs to be addressed from the legislation point of view. Efforts to fight discrimination have included the setting up of a website, in which reconciliatory information is posted which serves to educate the general public on the evils and disadvantages associated with discrimination. There is a need for law enforcers to be firm in their implementation of the federal anti-discrimination laws so as to promote a mutually beneficial interracial existence. Such efforts in Tacoma have constituted the establishment of the Tacoma human rights and human services department that is solely concerned with resolving racially motivated human rights in the Tacoma area. This program has proved to be an effective way of promoting co-existence in the Tacoma, Washington area. There is also a need for more programs from both the state and federal governments to such as race-based hiring quotas and race-based education programs. Although the above can be a cause for bias towards the white majority, it is nevertheless a right step towards correcting the racial discrimination currently being experienced in Tacoma community. The leadership in my community is comprised of leaders from different racial background. However most of the leaders are whites given the fact that about 70% of the community members are white. Unlike in the past when leaders would openly downplay racial discrimination, today things are different and the leadership is keen to eradicate racial discrimination from the community. The leadership of the community continues to address the racial discrimination issue in that every time such cases are reported the leadership is committed to applying justice and condemning the act openly. This has been very helpful in the fight against racial discrimination in that leaders are viewed by many as role models and people are more likely to obey what they perceive as being the wishes of the leaders. Inspite of the efforts from the leadership in the community to fight racial discrimination, the vice continues to be manifested in the daily lives of people. I interviewed Grace who is an African American, about her efforts to secure a chance at a medical school. The lady complained that despite the fact that she had all the relevant qualifications, she passed her admission test well but it has been over 3 months now and she has not heard back from the college. She suspects it is a case of racial discrimination since most of her colleagues from other racial backgrounds with whom they applied together have received a feedback from the college. Grace is worried because she was denied admission to the college. She is now worried that her career dreams of becoming a medical doctor may be shattered. She blames all her misfortunes on what she terms as deep rooted racial discrimination in Tacoma Washington. Graces case is an indication that a lot needs to be done in order to fight racial discrimination, tension and suspicions that exists in the Tacoma community. Despite the isolated cases such as those cited above the residents of Tacoma community have continued to collaborate in many areas. There are many joint community projects whereby members participate regardless of ones racial background. There is a growing evidence that any member of the community can apply and get a job in any place in Tacoma as long as one possess basic qualifications. There are many interracial marriages happening, which all point to the fact that, the society needs to collaborate and overcome the racial challenges. In terms of the texts addressing the racial discrimination issue, there are many scholars from all races that have addressed the issue of racial discrimination. For instance, to carry out this research I referred to articles written by whites who condemn the vice. No single author seemed to support racial discrimination, a good indicator that this war is close to being won. Of all means of fighting racial discrimination the media is a strong avenue. Careless media reporting has fueled racial, ethnic and tribal clashes in countries like Rwanda. However, in Tacoma community the media has shown great responsibility and professionalism. Most programmes aired are sensitive to all races. The FM stations and the print media have all shown commitment to diffusing racial tensions where they suffice and have tended to promote racial co-existence. Conclusion Efforts should be made to investigate all cases that are reported on racial discrimination. Where one is found guilty, proper legal steps should be taken to address the matter. More stringent laws should be introduced to fight remnants of racial discrimination. The Tacoma community is on the right track in terms of inter-racial relations, if the ongoing efforts are continued, racial discrimination shall be totally eliminated in the community in the foreseeable future. References Albert, Peter J. and Ronald Hoffman. (1990) We Shall Overcome: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Black Freedom Struggle. New York: Pantheon Books in cooperation with the United States Capitol Historical Society Personal Interview with Grace, community member. Tacoma Washington.

Queen Hatshepsut Essays - Thutmose I, Ancient Egyptian Mummies

Queen Hatshepsut Hatshepsut was the first female ruler who ever ruled in all the history of the world. She was the most remarkable women that influenced history as a whole as well as Egypt itself. She was the first female pharaoh who ever ruled Egypt. Hatshepsut came to be by her parents TuthmoseI and Aahmes. She had two brothers who died prematurely and she was the favorite child. Unfortunately her two brothers both died. Since she was the only child left, she would become heir to the throne when her father dies. Hatshepsut's family tree made it easier to understand and it is a bit complex. It starts with Hatshepsut's parents' parents. Senseneb was married to AmenhotepI and had Tuthmose I, but Amenhotep I, also had a child with Aahotpou II and they had Aahmes, who Tuthmose I married. Tuthmose I and Aahmes had three children. They had two sons named Ouazmosou and Amenmosou who both died prematurely. Their third child was none other than Hatshepsut. Her father, Tuthmose I had a son with a commoner named Moutnofrit, their son was named Tuthmose II. Hatshepsut and her half-brother Tuthmose II were married. There is more to this family tree that I will discuss later. When Hatshepsut's father died they became the new rulers of Egypt. Tuthmose I died in 1512 and it became Tuthmose II and Hatshepsut's turn to rule. Tuthmose II was the one who was to gain the throne, but it was said that for the few years of his reign, Hatshepsut was doing most of the decision making. Hatshepsut had a child but it was very likely that it was her lovers, Senmut. But also Tuthmose II had a son with a commoner whose name was Isis. Their son was named Tuthmose III. Tuthmose II was pharaoh for only three or four years. Archeologists found some markings on the surface of his mummy that indicate that he had died of skin disease. His son with Isis, Tuthmose III, was too young so Hatshepsut was the person chosen to rule since Tuthmose III worshipped as a priest of the god Amon. My opinion is that the only reason she was able to become queen was because she was just serving as his regent. That is what most people wanted because this was the last thing that they would have to deal with, a female queen or king. But she was not at a person to just sit there and wait for the young TuthmoseIII to be old enough to become king. (web page:" ") She was his regent for a short period of time, but around 1503 she demanded herself to become crowned pharaoh. She took s royal name that is only to be used by kings. She used the full "pharaonic regalia," even the fake beard and all, these things are only to be used by pharaohs. A major part of her successful reign was her loyal and influential officials, they had control over the most important parts of her government. (web page: " ") A man named Edouard Naville believed he deciphered Hatshepsut's whole name. He said it consisted of four parts. The first one was "standard" name, "she who is rich, powerful through her'ka's, her doubles. The second, nebti, is the pharaoh's rule over both East and West. Her third name was her "Horus" name, Horus names are the names that only pharaoh's can have. Hers reads as "The divine one in her risings." And her last name uses two cartouches, Kamara which means the "true double of Ra." And "Hatshepsut." (web page: HATCART.HTML) The name that was written on her seal was "the Horus, mighty by his Kas, the lord of East and West abounding in years, the good goddess, the pious lady, the golden falcon, divine in her rings, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Kamara, the daughter of Ra, Khnumit Amon, Hatshepsut."(web page:" ") Before Hatshepsut became pharaoh she was always a female, but as she was crowned she transformed into the appearance of a man. She wore the same outfit as the former pharaohs. Even in her "great seal" she was referred to as a man, various information states the reason for this is either the artists or scribes were wrong, it was too hard in Egyptian written language or Egyptians could not have a female being a pharaoh, so Hatshepsut was referred to as male and female. (web page: HATSHEPSUT.HTML, encyclopidia) Hatshepsut was very productive as queen.

Judy Garland Biography and Profile

Judy Garland Biography and Profile Judy Garland ( June 10, 1922 - June 22, 1969 ) was a singer and actress who gained nearly equal acclaim in both fields. She was the first solo woman to win a Grammy Award for Album of the Year, and the American Film Institute named her one of the 10 greatest female stars of American cinema. Early Years Judy Garland was born Frances Ethel Gumm in Grand Rapids, Minnesota. Her parents were vaudeville performers, and soon Frances joined her older sisters Mary Jane and Dorothy to become the singing and dancing act the Gumm Sisters. The details remain murky, but around 1934, the Gumm Sisters, in search of a more appealing name, became the Garland Sisters. Soon after, Frances officially changed her name to Judy. The Garland Sisters group broke up in 1935 when Suzanne, the oldest of the sisters, married musician, Lee Kahn. Later in 1935, Judy was signed to a contract with film company MGM without the usual screen test. However, the studio was not sure how to promote the 13-year-old Garland; she was older than the usual child star but still too young for adult parts. After a few unsuccessful projects, her breakthrough moment came when she was paired with Mickey Rooney in the 1938  film Love Finds Andy Hardy. Personal Life Judy Garlands turbulent personal life was marked by several instances of heartbreak. When Judy Garland was 13 years old, her 49-year-old father succumbed to meningitis, leaving her emotionally devastated. Years later, her first adult love, bandleader Artie Shaw, eloped with actress Lana Turner leaving Garland crushed. She received an engagement ring on her 18th birthday from musician David Rose who was at the time still married to actress Martha Raye. After the divorce, Judy and David were briefly married. Just three years later, in 1944, the marriage ended.   Following an affair with legendary director Orson Welles, while he was married to actress Rita Hayworth, Judy Garland married director Vicente Minnelli in June 1945. They had one daughter, singer and actress Liza Minnelli. By 1951 they were divorced. During the late 1940s, Garland was hospitalized following a nervous breakdown, underwent electroshock therapy to treat depression, and began to have serious problems with alcohol addiction. During June 1952, Judy Garland married her tour manager and producer Sid Luft. They had two children, singer and actress Lorna Luft and Joey Luft. They divorced in 1965. In November 1965, Garland married tour promoter, Mark Herron. They were divorced in February 1969, and she married her fifth and final husband Mickey Deans in March. In 1959, Judy Garland was diagnosed with acute hepatitis, and she informed doctors that she was unlikely to have more than five years to live. She said she would likely never sing again and remembered feeling relief at the diagnosis because it reduced much of the pressure in her life. However, she recovered over a period of several months and began performing concerts again.   Film Career Following her success in a series of films with Mickey Rooney, the teenage Judy Garland was cast in the lead role of 1939s The Wizard of Oz. In the movie, she sang what became identified as her signature song Over the Rainbow. It was a critical success and Garland earned a special Juvenile Academy Award for her performance in both The Wizard of Oz and Babes In Arms with Mickey Rooney. Judy Garland starred in three of her most successful films in the 1940s. In 1944s Meet Me In St. Louis she sang The Trolley Song and the holiday classic Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas. For 1948s The Easter Parade, she teamed with legendary dancer and actor Fred Astaire. She starred in 1949s In the Good Old Summertime with Van Johnson. It was one of her biggest box-office successes and featured the movie debut of Judy Garlands three-year-old daughter Liza Minnelli. By 1950, Judy Garland earned a reputation for being difficult while filming new projects. She was accused of showing a lack of effort while drugs and alcohol also interfered with appearing on time for shoots. In 1954, Garland made a celebrated comeback in the second film version of A Star Is Born. Her performance earned accolades from critics and audiences alike, and she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. In 1961 she earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress in Judgment at Nuremberg, but her days as a top Hollywood actress were over. Music Career The last two decades of Judy Garlands life were dominated by her success as a singer in concerts, TV shows, and on record. In 1951, she launched a highly successful tour of Great Britain and Ireland performing for sold-out audiences. The songs of vaudeville legend Al Jolson were a centerpiece of her concerts. During the tour, Garland experienced a rebirth as a performer. In 1956, she became the highest-paid entertainer yet in Las Vegas earning $55,000 a week for a four-week engagement. Judy Garlands first appearance on a TV special took place in 1955 on the Ford Star Jubilee. It was CBS first full-scale color broadcast and was a received stellar ratings. Following three successful TV specials in 1962 and 1963, Garland was given her own weekly series,  The Judy Garland Show. Although it was canceled after only one season, The Judy Garland Show earned four Emmy Award nominations including for Best Variety Series. On April 23, 1961, Judy Garland performed a concert at Carnegie Hall that many consider the highlight of her live performance career. A double album of the show spent 13 weeks at number one on the album chart and earned a Grammy Award for Album of the Year. After her TV series ended in 1964, Garland returned to the concert stage. She performed live at the London Palladium in November 1964 with her 18-year-old daughter, Liza Minnelli. A 1964 Australian tour turned disastrous when Garland was late to take the stage and accused of being drunk. Judy Garlands final concert appearance took place in Copenhagen, Denmark in March 1969, three months before her death. Death On June 22, 1969, Judy Garland was found dead in the bathroom of a rented house in London, England. The coroner determined the cause to be an overdose of barbiturates. He indicated the death was accidental, and there was no evidence of suicidal intent. Garlands The Wizard of Oz co-star Ray Bolger said at her funeral, She just plain wore out. Although initially interred at a cemetery in upstate New York, in 2017, at the request of Judy Garlands children, her remains were transferred to the Hollywood Forever cemetery in Los Angeles, California. Legacy Judy Garlands reputation as one of the greatest entertainers of all time remains strong. More than two dozen biographies have been written about her since her death, and she was listed by the American Film Institute at #8 among all-time greatest female movie stars. The American Film Institute also listed her performance of Over the Rainbow as the top movie song of all time. Four more, Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas, Get Happy, The Trolley Song, and The Man That Got Away are listed in the top 100. Garland received a posthumous Lifetime Achievement Grammy Award in 1997. She has been featured twice on U.S. postage stamps. Judy Garland is also considered to be a gay community icon. There are differing reasons offered for that status, but the most common include identification with her personal struggles and her relationship to camp culture. In the late 1960s, news accounts of Garlands nightclub performances disparagingly commented on homosexual men being a disproportionately large part of the audience. Many also credit Over the Rainbow as being an inspiration for the gay communitys ubiquitous rainbow flag.

Illegal Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Illegal Immigration - Essay Example Immigrations are good sometimes for the country but as every good thing has a bad trait; the immigration gets costly for the host country. Sometimes more disasters may cause due to these immigrants. In this piece of writing, discussions on illegal immigrations in different countries, its positive and negative effects will be through. It's the dream of every mankind to live better and give best to one's family. People immigrate from one family to other not only for change in their mood; making thing adventurous for themselves but also to find better land to live and better job to earn. Few of them move to stay with their families already settled in the other country. Few immigrants need the best education in their lives and few of them need the best environment for their families to groom in. Little of them are switching their own countries coz they are tied of country's culture and tradition. Few of them needs different good opportunities in life to grow economically more rapidly. Money really makes this world's mankind crazy to run and leave their loved ones. No doubt many countries offer immigrants a good guest of honor. They serve them if they are here with their families a nice discount on their schools, on their health care etc. similarly if they are employed there, its in some countries a rule to provide a nice income to the employee, more over a nice hand on employee kids expenditures. Medications, electricity charges, Grocery stocks and traveling are few more incentives immigrants get to have. Holidays from work, Different incentives while working really gives attraction to immigrate to a nice high standard countries. America is one of the biggest countries that receive the world's biggest amount of immigrants. People run for good jobs to other countries, leaving their home and family and moreover the fame and respect from the society to earn money. People leave their official respectable job and immigrate to work day and night having number of part time jobs. And for that even they are ready to sweep, serve on petrol pumps, and providing themselves in hotels and restaurants as waiters. Most of the poor people like to go in such countries for part time opportunities as soon as possible and though instead spending money or using their education they just went by using different resources and known to be as illegal immigrants. Immigration costs the country more as its spending less than its earning to its citizens. Few years back it was easy for every one to move from this country to that; and that country to this. But this was giving tough time to host countries, as they have to spend more for sometimes their guests and sometimes who are not citizens of the country but stayed for so long that they are good to be a citizen. These kinds of few reasons make country government set few rules to join their country. Now these rules are being checked on the immigrant and then the permission to be the guest is awarded. People not fulfilling these immigration requirements use illegal ways to enter the country. Crossing Country's borders by hiding here and there, from ports hiding in luggage, etc are few ways to be in the country without immigration. Moreover, people who come once through legal immigration stays long for work even after the expiration of their Visa limit; is also an illegal immigrant. These illegal immigrants not only uses country's goods and

Project Sponsorship And Decentralization Of Decision Making Assignment

Project Sponsorship And Decentralization Of Decision Making - Assignment Example It creates a condition whereby internal support is recognized, and all the customers have an executive way of communication. The sponsor's and project manager's names are while making project proposals and hence chances of going through are high. Sponsors are very helpful in the launch of projects since they help in making decisions on staffing and priorities in the project. Project sponsors increase the commitment of the managers to the project and hence minimizes the probability of the project failing. The project sponsors help in decision making in projects and hence the managers and the rest of the team will work towards success. Project managers are required to report to project sponsors and therefore managers will encourage communication with other team members so as to have details of all that is taking place. The pressure on the managers leads to the success of the project. Decentralization of decision making is paramount if the executives are willing to empower the project t eam. All the team members must be allowed to participate in decision making. The managers must be willing to help other line managers in areas that they find difficult. There must be shared accountability within the organization. Any faults should be taken as organization failures rather than personal failures. The kind of leadership in the organization should be team leadership rather than a project manager centered leadership. The organization must be willing to share authority and power among project and line managers.

Carl Rodgers and B.F. Skinner Essay Example for Free

Carl Rodgers and B.F. Skinner Essay B.F. Skinner, who favored the behaviorist approach to psychology, criticized the psychoanalytical theory by suggesting that psychology should be the study of behavior and not just the mind. However, Skinners approach was radical, in that he did consider our inner thoughts and feelings, but denied that they had anything to do with behavior. His study of behavior involved close contact with the experimental laboratory, where he experimented with small animals such as rats and pigeons. As the experimenter, he was able to study the use of stimuli and reinforcement of behavior. Skinner pointed out that aggression, like any other form of behavior, is a result of social and physical issues in our environments. With this in mind, he believed that human behavior is therefore controllable. In Skinners view, if aggression is apparent in a person, then it is determined by past and present relevant events, together with genetic endowment, hereditary factors that are passed through our genes in the process of evolution. He argued that full knowledge of these two sets of factors, genetic endowment and personal history; hold the key to controlling behavior such as aggression. The behaviorist approach fails to acknowledge individual free will and choice however, and the frustrations involved in the inability to express these. It is often these unobservable issues that cause behaviors, such as aggression. When looking at positive reinforcement, Skinner often refused to consider the mental causes of aggression. For example, if a drunk tries to start a fight with you in a pub, Skinners theory would indicate that the best form of action from previous experience would be to walk away. This however, ignores the events leading up to this point, and you may decide to stay and fight or maybe stay and make friends. The mind selects a response according to the desired consequence, which is a natural part of every function we perform but is not a straightforward case of positive reinforcement. Sigmund Freud developed the psychoanalytical theory of the personality, where he divided it into layers; the unconscious, preconscious, and the conscious. These represented different levels of awareness in our minds. He also described the personality as the id, which is essentially what we are born  with and is where the basic sexual and aggressive drives reside, the ego, which starts to develop as soon as interaction with the environment begins, and the superego, which represents the moral aspect of humans according to societys standards and values. He believed that we are born with these inner feelings of aggression, which we use as a tool to obtain the things we want, but unfortunately, society restricts the use of this horrible behavior for obvious reasons. The display of aggressive behavior would cause us to lose love and respect ending in lowered self-esteem. In order to get through life without imposing this unacceptable behavior upon society, we have in our superego, incorporated something called guilt, which in turn makes us feel ashamed of this pushy, demanding insistence of gratification side of ourselves. However, this causes within us an eternal conflict that rages on through our everyday lives, in the unconscious level of our minds, where we only dimly recognize it. Carl R. Rogers was the founder of the humanistic approach to behavior and like Maslow, he believed that there was nothing bad about human behavior and that we are capable of healthy growth towards Self Actualization. This means that we have the potential to reach fulfillment and achieve warm relationships with others through acceptance and understanding of what we as humans are. In order to understand the actualizing tendency, Rogers claims that we should firstly be congruent, meaning that we should be aware of our inner feelings and accept them as a part of our nature. In this respect, what we express from those feelings is pure and true. Secondly, we should be able to empathize with our fellow man, in that we can understand what everything means to them from their point of view, as if we were in their world. Thirdly, we should be able to accept things as they are and who our fellow man is, without judgment or prejudice. These are three essential ingredients for healthy growth towards being a fully functioning person. Obviously, with an approach such as this, there is little room for negative feelings such as aggression. Because of this positive force for healthy growth, Rogers believed that aggression could possibly be a result of a state of incongruence, where we may feel conflict between our sense of self and our  ideal self. For example, when we become aware of our own set of values but are told by our parents to respect their set of values, taught to us previously, and the use of conditional regard is applied to enforce those values. This could possibly cause aggression by way of retaliation. However, he would not see aggression as inevitable or even an appropriate response, only as a possible response.

The Objectives Of The Arms Control Politics Essay

The Objectives Of The Arms Control Politics Essay For arms control to be an effective instrument of national security, its objectives must be determined by, and be in close harmony with, the broader objectives of national security strategy (Larsen, 2002) Traditional arms control theory was based on the premise that the super- powers inherently shared an area of common ground (Sheehan,1988) (avoiding nuclear war) and that this element of mutual interest could serve as the basis for limited cooperative arrangements involving reciprocal restraint in the acquisition of weapons of mass destruction. In defining the scope and application of arms control, they set forth three general objectives: (Larsen, 2002) Reducing the risk of war. Arms control was seen as a prime means of setting limits on and restraining strategic arms race behavior. For early arms control theorists, restraining certain types of technology was practically synonymous with reducing the risk of war. The underlying premise was that war was most likely to begin with a surprise nuclear attack made possible by unrestrained competition in ballistic missile, guidance and control, and nuclear weapon technology. Therefore, those weapon systems employing technologies that in theory most contributed to the ability to exe- cute a surprise nuclear attack against the nuclear retaliatory forces of the other side, or that undermined the ability of either side to hold deterrent tar- gets at risk, became principal candidates for arms limitation agreements. Reducing the cost of preparing for war. Arms control theorists believed that controls would release economic resources otherwise squandered on military spending (Bull, 1965). They believed that arms races were economically ruinous and that disarmament or arms control would make possible the diversion of resources toward worthier objectives. If arms control succeeded in providing the same degree of security at lower levels of weapons than would otherwise be the case, it could lead to fielding fewer weapons and thus lower overall defense spending. Further, if certain types of technology were mutually outlawed, there would be fewer costs associated with defense research and development, weapons production, force deployment, operations, and maintenance. The savings thereby realized could be diverted to domestic economic priorities and promote overall prosperity. Reducing the damage should war occur. If fewer weapons were fielded as a result of arms limitation agreements, and should war nevertheless occur, overall damage would be less than it would otherwise have been. But fielding fewer weapons is not the only way to reduce damage in the event of war. Damage also could be limited by developing certain types of active defense strategies and technologies, such as ballistic missile defenses. In practice, the first of the three main objectives proposed by traditional arms control theory-reducing the risk of war or, more specifically, reducing the risk of surprise nuclear attack-came to eclipse and over- shadow the other two. Achieving the first objective would also indirectly satisfy the other two. The process grew in complexity over the next four decades. It usually involved negotiations but was sometimes accomplished through unilateral decisions or reciprocated arrangements. The main merit of previous arms control agreements was that ..they created a situation that facilitated peaceful transformation in Europe and in the rest of the world (Rotfeld,1996). Along with the treaties on the elimination of intermediate-range nuclear weapons and the reduction of strategic nuclear weapons, these agreements include: The system of rules and export controls designed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon-usable material, of which the 1968 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) forms the legal basis; substantial reductions of conventional armed forces and manpower in Europe. This and other agreements have enabled the elimination of more than 60 000 heavy conventional weapons in Europe and in the Asian area of the former Soviet Union on the basis of accords reached in peacetime, not imposed by the victors on the vanquished. In recent years, a total of 20 000 nuclear warheads have been dismantled; thus their number was reduced from some 58 000 to 38 000. The process of destroying chemical weapons has been launched, although, because of the costs, it will last longer than expected. The central problems of arms control today The central problems facing the arms control process at present can be summarised as follows. Defining the role of the major powers First, there is the problem of deciding who are the players that need to be assembled at the table when arms control is discussed. Arms control tradition- ally has been the preserve of those states that possess the weapons. It has depended on the ability of major powers to work together in pursuit of particular objectives. The cold war demonstrated that arms control does not require that the interests and policies of these powers are aligned, but there has to be a willingness to cooperate. The special role assigned to the United Nations Security Council in matters of peace and security and the fact that the five NPT-defined nuclear weapon states are permanent members of the Security Council tended to cement the impression that military power and major power status were two sides of the same coin. However, other states now claim to have a legitimate stake in the arms control process without either being in possession of extensive military capabilities or intending to develop such capabilities. The exclusion of countries such as Germany, India and Japan from a central place in discussions of issues affecting global peace and security may undermine the credibility of those discussions. While each of these countries will react differently to the fact of its exclusion, no doubt they will all react in some manner. In addition, there is an important new actor on the international scene for which arms control is a crucial concern. With the establishment of the EU in 1993, a group of states (moreover, a group that is expected to expand in number) are developing, step-by-step, a more integrated approach to foreign and security policy that is likely to become increasingly influential in the future. Need for a new organizing principle A second problem arises from the need to consider the organizing principle for arms control in conditions where there is no longer any meaningful balance or symmetry between military capabilities. Past treaties usually conferred equal obligations and status on participating states in line with the principle of sovereign equality. This often translated into a carefully calibrated balance in numbers of agreed items that were the objects of control. This balance may have been set at zero in the framework of disarmament treaties or at higher levels in other agreements. This organizing principle no longer applies at the global level, given the power of the USA. More- over, agreements based on parity are not feasible at the regional level. They may not even be applicable at the subregional or bilateral level, where dyads at the centre of conflict and instability have very different force structures and force levels. Responding to non-compliance A third major problem for arms control is the need to develop responses to unambiguous evidence that some states are cheating on their legally binding obligations and commitments. Cheating does not include inadvertent or acci- dental failures to implement an agreement or differences of interpretation about the obligations contained in an agreement. These issues are important but manageable within the framework of arms control processes because the good faith of the parties is not disputed. Rather, cheating means that a state promises to take a course of action while at the same time intending to behave in ways known to be proscribed and that violate the basic principle of the agreement. None of the main compliance crises revealed in the 1990s-the Iraqi violation of its NPT commitments, the North Korean violation of its safeguards agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency, and the Soviet violation of the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention-has been fully resolved. This fact remains a serious problem and has contributed to under- mining the international communitys confidence in the efficacy of multi- lateral arms control instruments. Conclusion In other words, arms control can play a significant role by becoming an integral part of the new international security system. However, it cannot be boiled down simply to international legal instruments (treaties and conventions); rather, it should constitute a part of security policy and defence at the national level and of conflict resolution at the global level. Treaties and conventions remain central because they provide transparency about the obligations of states and an institutional framework within which resources can be mobilized and organized. However, treaties and conventions need to be supplemented with a habit of dialogue and discussion that assists in making actions consistent with agreed norms. The current binding normative order is the point of reference for seeking solutions that would tackle the challenges and situations of today and tomorrow. This normative order provides a platform on which to build but should not itself be placed in question. It must then be asked how the activities of those states which for different reasons have found themselves outside the current order can be regulated-in particular, how the world community should respond to the activities of states which violate important norms codified in arms control agreements to which they are not parties. Ways must be considered for including in the arms control process those states, which have an eroding influence on it. The states whose leaders believe that the current normative order is inadequate or even wrong will not participate in cooperative arrangements on an official level. However, individuals from this group of states can and should participate in the wider discussion of the role and impact of arms control. Moreover, in these states public information can play a valuable role in making possible a debate on the merits and demerits of cooperation. Despite these accomplishments, there remains much unfinished business on the arms control agenda. (Rotfeld, 1996) First, with the exception of the NATO and European Union (EU) member states, the security of the territories extending from Vancouver to Vladivostok is not based on a collective, common or cooperative security system. Threats and armed conflicts have moved to Europes peripheries (the Balkans and the Caucasus) and to Central Asia. Second, neither the continuous step-by-step reduction of nuclear weapons in those states that possess them nor diminishing the likelihood that new nuclear weapon states will emerge can be ensured at present. Third, the legally binding ban on nuclear explosions has yet to enter into force, amidst signs that the no-testing norm codified in the 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty is not universally accepted. Finally, the level of confidence in the implementation of treaties and agreements to eliminate biological and chemical weapons remains low in many quarters. With the end of the bipolar world order, the role of arms control and disarmament has changed fundamentally. The international security system based on bipolarity and mutual nuclear deterrence was one of high military threat and at the same time of relatively high stability. As a result, in the cold war period arms control and disarmament were seen as the highest priority in the policies of the global powers. Arms control was considered to be a pillar that supported strategic stability and maintained the balance of power between the superpowers and their respective allies. The pre- dominant goals of traditional arms control theory, as developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s, was to enhance security, and the major powers shared an interest in avoiding global nuclear annihilation. These twin goals helped the powers to transcend their deep ideological and political differences and engage in a strategic dialogue. Thus the main objectives of arms control were to reduce the risk of nuc lear war between the two great antagonists, maintain the equilibrium of forces, reduce the costs of the arms race, and seek to limit the damage should war occur. Different approaches to arms control 1- Fundamental changes in the existing arms control framework should be avoided. Radical changes could put at risk existing processes that are not yet completed without any assurance that a new framework can be constructed to substitute for them. In the view of this group, the future of arms control will consist of implementing, strengthening and further developing existing agreements and processes. 2 Accepts the objectives of the current arms control agenda but argues that these objectives cannot be realised through existing agreements and processes under the present conditions. An extension of this view is the argument that focusing narrowly on existing agreements in conditions where political relations are strained may diminish security by amplifying disagreements. The impact of the debate over the relationship between the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty) and missile defences on relations between China, Russia and the USA could be pointed to as an example. For this second group, arms control processes need to be supplemented by other types of political, economic and even, under certain conditions, military initiatives if the objectives of arms control are to be achieved. 3- The current objectives of arms control processes are too narrow and fail to address new challenges and problems that represent the primary threat under the new international conditions. For this group, the arms control agenda should be expanded to include more types of weapons (small arms and light weapons), more types of equipment (non-lethal high technology), more issues (humanitarian issues, economic issues and governance issues) and more actors (international organizations and non-governmental actors). In their view, this widening of the arms control agenda is a paramount task, even if the consequence is that existing processes are scaled back or discontinued to release resources for reallocation. Current problems and new challenges The different approaches to arms control described above are not commonly exclusive. The task of finding common ground among the groups supporting them will be facilitated if arms control can make progress in solving problems, demonstrate its relevance to the new security environment and adapt itself to new challenges.

It Pays to Fly Full-Service: Managerial Marketing

It Pays to Fly Full-Service Rene Gonzalez Jr. Ashford University Managerial Marketing BUS 620 Larry Flegle November 28, 2011 It Pays to Fly Full-Service In this essay I will create a nine-component marketing plan on flying full-service business class with Delta opposed to flying with a discounted low-fare carrier like Southwest. As the economy struggles and air travel becomes more competitive it is not easy to establish the best niche market strategy for an airline. Teplensky defined (as cited in Parrish, Cassill, & Oxenham, 2006) niche market strategy as, â€Å"an emphasis on a particular need, geographic, demographic, or product segment† (p. 95). Therefore, it would be ideal for Delta to seek a more specific niche in air travel and differentiate by precisely satisfying customers’ needs; rather than attempting to generalize broad niches that only partly satisfy customers’ needs as a whole. Company Overview/ Description of Location Delta Air Lines Inc. has their corporate headquarters in Atlanta Georgia. However, Delta Air Lines Inc. has a vast worldwide airline system. Delta serves over 160 million customers annually, and offers 356 destinations in 65 countries.Additionally, Delta has over 80 years of passenger service, more than 80,000 employees, and 700 aircraft that spread across six continents. Packed with an array of good services, Delta offers more than 13,000 daily flights, SkyMiles rewards (frequent flier plan), the world's largest airline loyalty partnership, over 50 Sky-Clubs, and an award-winning BusinessElite program (Delta Air Lines Inc. , 2011). Description of Product or Service Focusing primarily on business amenities, Delta has a worldwide collection of services for businessmen and businesswomen.They have incentive SkyBonuses, extensive Corporate Travel Agreements, and their Universal Air Travel Plans (UATP Card). The SkyBonus services allow small-to-mid-sized businesses better incentive rewards for their business travels. For example, earning more points than typical travelers, which can be easily claimed as: upgrades, flights purchases, and Sky-Club passes. Their Corporate Travel Agreement offers a greater variety of destinations with a four-in-one worldwide airline partnership. Delta even provides a dedicated account manager to handle all business travel arrangements.The UATP Card allows any businesses the means to closely manage their travel expenses with a centralized payment system. Additionally, the UATP Card has no annual fees, no deposit limits, and no per-card charges (Delta Air Lines Inc. , 2011). Other comprehensive amenities that Delta offers their business travelers are: BusinessElite, Sky Priority seating, first class services, Sky-Clubs, SkyMiles, meetings/networking, private jets, shuttling/chartering, and Wi-Fi. The BusinessElite offers gourmet meals, exquisite wines, full-size pillows, flat bed seating, priority baggage services, and state-of-the-art entertainment.Everything in Busi nessElite is intended to help customers arrive at their destination on time and refreshed. Within the Delta Sky Priority there is no need to stress or wait in lines. As a result, valuable time is saved at check-in, reservation desks, security, boarding, and baggage claim. Under the Delta meeting/network program an event organizer will coordinate group business travel with 10 or more individuals. Additionally, in an effort to make inner city transportation to-and-from the airport easier, Delta provides private shuttling/charter assistance too.Moreover, in situations that 40 or fewer personnel need to be transported Delta can ease time constraints with their transit system. Even if there is a need for a specialized private business travel arrangement Delta has 27 years of safety and heritage with their private jet services. Delta holds the highest and lonest ARG/US Platinum safety rating of any other operation. Lastly, Delta can keep businessmen and businesswomen connected whether wai ting at the terminal or in flight. Power outlets are always conveniently located within arms reach, and Wi-Fi is offered in all flights within the continental US (Delta Air Lines Inc. 2011). It is apparent that Delta has numerous amenities to offer business class travelers; currently it is just a matter of what options travelers choose to use. Description of Competitors In this case Southwest Airlines Co. (a low-cost carrier) is the identified competition. Southwest has 40 years of passenger service experience. Additionally, Southwest has an average of 3,400 daily departure flights and nearly a total of 35,000 employees. Within 2010 Southwest operated 550 Boeing 737 jets, which carried a total of 88 million passengers to 72 different cities within 37 states.As a result, Southwest is the largest domestic airline in the U. S. (National Transportation, 2010). Southwest offers Priority Lane access, Rapid Rewards (frequent flier plan), some in-flight Wi-Fi capabilities, and economy bever ages/snack services. However, the Rapid Rewards is limited to domestic traveling only because Southwest does not offer international flights. Also, the Wi-Fi provided is only on limited numbers of aircraft, and the beverage/snack services do not cover full meals. The high operational extent of Southwest's capabilities can illustration by their longest flight, which is between T.F. Green Airport in Rhode Island to McCarran International Airport in Nevada. The grant total for their longest flight is 2,363 miles (Southwest Airlines Co. , 2011). Southwest does not appear to cater to many business class travelers’ special needs. There are some amenities that businessmen and businesswomen can take advantage of with Southwest. For example, EarlyBird Check-In, ground transportation, and Business Select fare benefits. Their EarlyBird Check-In allows for early seat selection, and no penalties when changing flights.Additionally, Southwest offers ground transportation within immediate ar eas of airports. The Business Select gives Priority Lane access when boarding, premium drink, priority seating, and gives extra Rapid Reward Points. (Southwest Airlines Co. , 2011). Subsequently, Southwest was founded on low fares, low costs, and dedication to the highest quality of customer service (Southwest Airlines Co. , 2011). As a result of Southwest's strategy is an example of sacrifices differentiation by focusing on low-fares. Notably, Southwest does employ a actic to somewhat distinguish their self between other low-fare carriers–they pride on providing the highest quality of customer service as possible. Southwest's plan is to deliver superior customer service with a sense of warmth, friendliness, and individual pride, which will shift more consumers their way (Southwest Airlines Co. , 2011). Nevertheless, Southwest's tactic is seemingly insignificant, but Delta should consider this when designing their new marketing plan by ensuring they too offer superior custome r service. Executive Summary of Marketing PlanDelta has numerous business class amenities that need to be reviewed to determine their demand. Is it necessary to have every amenity offered at every location Delta serves, or can some be excluded? Could some amenities be combined to increase efficiency? The objective is to get rid of amenities that are not desired and concentration more on efficiency across all Delta divisions. Thus, satisfying business class needs with geographic attentiveness. It is important not to just implement amenities for the sake of implementation.Delta needs to understand business class consumer needs, and should develop suitable amenities for them. Delta can learn from their current business class consumers by giving surveys before, during, or after flights. It wound be even more efficient to utilize technology (Internet) because it would be cheaper to e-mail surveys instead of hand mailing or handing them out on flights. Additionally, other avenues should b e adopted too; more interactive and crafty methods could help in attaining vital survey information (determine amenity demand).For example, incentive sweepstakes with the option of meeting popular musicians or actors to entice more people into completing surveys. Mullins (2010) stated, â€Å"The advent of new digital media—from the Internet to e-mail to text messaging via mobile telephones—has opened a vast array of new opportunities to take integrated marketing communication —IMC for short—to a whole new level† (p 342). Notably, Delta cannot attempt to utilize the same survey gathering methods in every region of the world. Obviously, popular musicians and actors will differ between regions in the world.Similar to how the demand of business class amenities will likely differ too. Delta's advertisement campaign will be directed toward business class travelers, and will need to effectively communicate the value of choosing full-serve oppose to low-co st. Additionally, a universal consumer appeal will need to be used (where applicable) as long as effective communication is not sacrificed. Much deliberation should be put forth to prevent negative emotions, and that the correct target market is reached.Moreover, the used of new technological interactive forms of advertisement would be ideal, which can also double as a medium to gather extra consumer information. For example, concentrating advertisements in big cities and employing smartphone-barcodes that feature interactive games or sweepstakes. Note, to conserve on campaign expenses advertisement efforts should decrease as distance extents outside of city limits–due to likelihood of a smaller business class population. In summary the current situation for Delta is having a vast unfocused business amenity operation without geographic specification.Additionally, their competition is low-cost airlines like Southwest who does not seek to differentiate their operations by satis fying specific business class consumer demands. Therefore, Delta's strategy can capitalize on shortfalls of low-cost carriers and differentiation by providing superior business quality travel with efficiency. Resulting from Delta maximizing information gathering and improving efficient operations they will save valuable capital. This will allow Delta to remain moderately cost competitive with low-fare carriers like Southwest.The last concern is how Delta will successfully reach the proper target market to spread the word –â€Å"It pays to fly full-service. † Description of the Target Market Airline travel is a homogeneous market however every traveler does not desire the same exact benefit (Mullins & Walker, 2010). For example, Southwest primarily focuses on low-fares, but Delta seeks to differentiate by superior product quality and performance. Consequently, consumers that value low-cost air travel will likely choose Southwest–Right? No, a low-cost carrier is n ot always the best option based on lowest price alone.A main concern of Delta will be how to influence business class consumers to fly full-service opposed to flying with other discounted low-fare carriers. A strategic advertisement campaign will be used to prove Delta's worthiness, but reaching the correct target market is important. Within the broad market of air travel some consumers will seek absolute low-cost, others will be unsure (low-cost or full-service), and there will be those that clearly favor full-service. For those consumers that seek absolute low-cost or are unsure, Delta needs to reach out to them.Delta can justify how they are more suitable through proper geographic-advertisement–by offering regionally specific business class amenities. Additionally, by focusing on the most efficient operation process possible, Delta can help keep pricing lower. As a result, consumers can notice it is reasonable to switch despite prices being moderately higher with Delta. Fo r advertisements to reach the correct target market there are three ways Delta can identify their business class travelers: market segmentation, target marketing, and positioning.Segmentation decisions are best made in one of three ways: who, where, and how they behave (Mullins & Walker, 2010, p. 181). Businessmen and businesswomen are who the consumers are, cities worldwide are where they are (primarily), and how they behave is relevant the business amenities they use/require when traveling between worldwide. Demographically, business class individuals come in different ethnicities, sizes, ages, and sex. Geographically, they are located worldwide primarily in big cities and decreases outward toward rural areas.Behaviorally, business class individuals travel frequent; adhere to tight schedules, utilized technology frequently, etc. Preferably, Delta can learn from the past mistakes of others and take advantage of proper global market segmentation. Historically global market segmentat ion has been incorrect discerning that one country segment is the same as another (Mullins & Walker, 2010, pp. 197-231). All countries do not fall within the same segment, and Delta can capitalize by specifically enhancing business travel in different regions around the orld. For example, the city of Dubai in the United Arab Emirates is a rapidly developing country. Delta can acknowledge a large European business and American business influence in the region. As a result, should geographically cater to specific business class amenities between the regions. By recognizing the United States, Europe, Asia, etc. as different segments and understanding where the segments are influencing each other–businesswise–will give Delta the advantage to better differentiate. Marketing BudgetDelta is currently investing $2 billion through 2013 into facilities, products, services, and technology, which is intended to better enhance customer experiences (Delta Air Lines Inc. , 2011). Tha t along with the capital saved from developing more efficient processes with geographic specification should give leeway in a new marketing budget. Managers must hold vital roles in implementing or eliminating operation and/or amenities, both domestically and internationally. However, uniformity should be kept to insure proper communication between global regions is well organized.A single system for regulation (implementation or elimination) will facilitate cooperation between every location Delta serves (Mullins & Walker, 2010). Pricing Strategy Airlines are price competitive conscientious, but still need to understand consumer needs, and how to satisfy them in order to make a profit. It is not always best to solely concentrate on lowest pricing. Regarding low-cost and differentiation (Mullins, 2010) stated, â€Å"Businesses taking the low-cost approach typically compete primarily by offering the lowest prices in the industry.Such prices allow little room for the firm to make the investments or cover the costs inherent in maintaining superior product quality, performance, or service over time† (p. 442). Therefore, if Delta seeks to correctly satisfy specific niches (business class travelers) with superior quality, and performance they cannot primarily focus on lowermost competitive pricing solely. Additionally, utilizing a competition-based pricing strategy (relies on pricing habits of competitors) Delta can place their pricing moderately above competitors' ricing, which can help provided better creditability. In some cases, an airline's consumer perception of quality is degraded if their pricing offered is the lowest compared to other airlines. For example, consumers may assume the lowest priced airline(s) are less safe, have subpar aircrafts, etc. Lastly, lower pricing adversely affects the profit margin, and budgeting, which would hinder Delta's ability to provide superior quality, and performance into the future (Anderson, 2011). Investment Saving sDelta has much to consider when evaluating what amenities should be offered to their business class consumers. Delta will need to assess what processes should be removed or included. Additionally, there are many environmental issues that negatively affect airline efficiency and pricing today that Delta will need to take into account as well. For example, struggling economy, increased fuel expenses/depleting fossil fuels, greenhouse gas emissions/global warming, consumer safety, etc.It is key to understand what business class consumers are willing to pay for, what they do not necessarily desire, and how foreseen/unforeseen environmental issues could adversely affect airline operations. Delta will need to focus on efficiency that will eliminate fraud, waste, and abuse. Thus, saving valuable capital, which can be put towards future efforts to adapt and overcome negative environmental airline issues. For example, increasing R;D (Research and Development) funding.R;D goals could be to s eek alternative fuel (green energy) aircraft engines, or at least streamlining the current fossil fuel engines to conserve expensive jet fuel. Additionally, strategic upper management decision-making (efficient implementation or elimination) will keep Delta moderately price competitive while brining in significant future profits. Summary and Implementation Plan Implementation of a new marketing plan is not unnecessary. Delta has the need for a new marketing plan as technology spreads worldwide and new economies are rapidly growing is distance regions.Business efforts of regions are helping to influence and advance other regions. Therefore, increasing the need for efficient business class travel, and justifies a new marketing plan. Delta will need to prove it is best to fly full-service business class opposed to flying with other discounted low-fare carriers like Southwest. The implemented marketing plan will be centered on Delta taking an analyzer strategy to defend and differentiat ion–with efficient and superior business quality travel. Management, across all regions will take a crucial role in regulating the new marketing plan.As a result, Delta will defend by keeping cost relatively low, which will save capital and bring in profits. Additionally, Delta will be able differentiate with superior business quality travel worldwide. Also due to technological advancement efforts Delta's R&D will avoid other airlines surpassing them, and countering future adverse environmental airline issues (Croteau, 2001). In conclusions a nine-component marketing plan on flying full-service business class with Delta opposed to flying with other discounted low-fare carrier like Southwest was gives.Delta is primarily a well-established airline company. In order for Delta to continue progression into the future they will need to seek more specific niches within their current markets. Additionally, Delta operates worldwide, and needs to adjust to geographic deviations between regional markets. Always looking forward Delta will also need to support future adaption to negative environmental issues. Ultimately, Delta can take the analyzer strategy and strategic managerial oversight to lead Delta's new marketing plan to a triumph.By defending/differentiate with precision customer satisfaction (business class traveler needs) Delta can gain superior product quality and performance. Thus, proving it pays to fly full-service oppose to low-cost. References Anderson, A. (2011). The Disadvantages of an Everyday Low Pricing Strategy. Retrieved November 22, 2011, from Chron : http://smallbusiness. chron. com/disadvantages-everyday-low-pricing-strategy-23379. html Croteau, A. (2001). An information technology trilogy: business strategy, technological deployment and organizational performance. The

My Evolution As A Teacher In Training Education Essay

IntroductionAs a pupil of Singapore public instruction for over 10 old ages, there are certain perceptual experiences and values about learning that is ingrained in me. Short instruction experiences during my occupation in pupil attention Centre and practicum besides help to determine my personal teaching method. However, throughout this class of Teaching and Managing Learners at the Primary Level, it opens my eyes to some mistake lines in some of my beliefs and helps to rectify them with relevant theories. Besides that, it besides reaffirms some of my beliefs and provided accomplishments that farther authorise me. In this essay, I will speak two most outstanding takeouts which are pupils with particular demands and differentiated scholars.My Development as a instructor in preparationStudents with particular demands ( SSN )Past positionI have non experienced holding a SSN in my category throughout my academic life. As a consequence, I have no chance to interact with them and informat ion about them was limited. The lone clip that I get to interact with them was during my occupation as a pupil attention teacher where I experience two different instances of particular demands students-respectively anger-management and autistic pupil. They were really riotous during categories and necessitate much attending from the instructors. Since the instructors are non trained in managing SSNs, the instructors felt helpless and concluded that they are job pupils. Lack of understanding from equals besides resulted in intimidation and exclusion. It leads to their behaviour deterioration, which was a barbarous rhythm. This caused me to believe whether SSNs should remain in mainstream schools. This experience gives me the feeling that SSNs should non be mainstreamed as they have particular direction jobs that regular instructors can non manage. Besides, seeing them acquiring excluded by their equals make me experience that it may be more good if they remain in particular demands schools as it seems harder for them to incorporate to the mainstream schools. As a teacher-to-be, it besides leads me to be fearful of holding SSNs in my category as I am diffident if the preparation in National Institute of Education ( NIE ) will adequately fix me to confront the possible challenges or I will experience as helpless.Present positionMy position changed when during the class, we had a treatment on whether pupils of particular demands should be included in the mainstream instruction. That is when I realize that pupils of particular demands deserve the right to be mainstreamed and excel in a normal instruction. How can we be align to the Singapore ‘s Vision of being an inclusive state that embraces diverseness if there is segregation? ( Yeo,2012 ) There is a diverse scope of particular demands and most are no different from normal pupils except that they require more support from the instructors and more clip to go independent. Having them in the mainstream school room non merely will fit them with the much-required societal accomplishments when they enter the work force, it besides allows other pupils to interact with them and further regard for differences. As surveies have shown, there are several noteworthy benefits to pupils with particular demands who attend mainstream instruction such as high academic accomplishment, higher self-pride and better societal accomplishments ( National Research Center on Learning Disabilities, 2007 ) .It challenges my perceptual experience because more frequently than non, there are more common between pupils with or without particular demands than difference.Deductions on teaching methodThe following inquiry will be my major concern – what are the schoolroom direction schemes that I can follow to back up the SSNs inside my schoolroom? During the class, we were introduced to inclusive instruction which I find extremely applicable. There are two chief countries in this scheme -social and academic incl usion. Social inclusion is societal relationships are built within the schoolroom such that each pupil will experience a sense of belonging. Academic inclusion is about the different acquisition demands of the pupils are taken into consideration, differentiated direction schemes are being adopted to provide to the assorted disablements. Some inclusion schemes that I may follow are peer-mediated direction and intercessions, or concerted acquisition so as to further positive connexions between the pupils. ( Maning & A ; Butcher, 2013 ) . Previously, I was excessively focused on how to incorporate SSNs into the mainstream schoolrooms. Integration posits that SSNs should accommodate to the school and that lone instructors who are well-trained in Particular Needs Education can pull off them good. However, inclusion is based in welcoming diverseness and advocates that schools need to hold the flexibleness to alter its course of study to provide to diverse demands of pupils. It besides recognizes that regular instructors like me play an of import function to back up SSNs in their acquisition. Alternatively of sing SSNs needs as being ‘deficit-driven ‘ , we should follow the position that academic public presentation and schoolroom behaviour can be improved. This makes me recognize that learning and inclusion of SSNs in a mainstream school environment is non â€Å" specialized † as I thought. This reforms my personal teaching method as I learn to acknowledge that all pupils are active scholars regardless if they have particular demands. As a instructor, I will foremost necessitate to be a function theoretical account and have the right perceptual experiences as pupils are likely to mirror my actions. By handling all pupils with regard and without prejudice, I will so be able to construct an inclusive and respectful schoolroom environment that benefits all pupils. Of class, attempts to include SSNs can be disputing and I might necessitate to seek the aid of external support. However, I no longer concentrate on the challenges of holding SSNs in the schoolroom. Alternatively, my personal teaching method is now based on the impression of holding an inclusive schoolroom where it is a caring community and each person is an active scholar. There are great challenges but surely greater wagess.2 ) Differentiated LearnersPast perceptual experienceThrough my academic old ages, most of my instructors used direct direction and their instruction manners are similar. Hence, I thought that there is merely a one manner attack of learning constructs. After all, I have done good under such mono-dimensional instruction manner. For my equals who could non get by with their surveies, I merely think that they are either non hardworking plenty or merely non that smart. I so had some learning experience in private tuitions where I have had 6 Mathematics pupils at one point of clip. There was no fluctuation in the manner I taught the different pupils and I realize that the manner I teach reflects the manner I was taught. When their consequences are released, all pupils improved enormously except for one. This surprised me as he was really industrious and some of my tutees who did non work every bit difficult improved much more than him. Due to the overall success by other pupils, I ne'er one time consider that it might be due to him being non suited to my instruction manner and thought that possibly he is excessively nervous during the tests. After I went over to NIE and started my preparation as a instructor, I was being introduced to different instruction schemes, nevertheless, deep inside my bosom, I felt that â€Å" new † learning schemes such as differentiated prep are a waste of clip and I still prefer utilizing the traditional method of instruction.Present PositionDuring this semester, prior to this class, I have taken another facu lty called Multicultural surveies where I learnt that in a diverse schoolroom, each pupil has single complex individualities and different worlds. As a instructor, we tend to enforce our worlds upon our pupils and the desperate consequence is that our pupils are essentialized ( Ismail, 2012 ) . This leads to me to oppugn that possibly what I perceived as the best instruction manner may non be suited to every pupil in my category. Furthermore, during the class, I learnt about Dr Howard Gardner ‘s theory of multiple intelligences larning and the different types of acquisition manners ( Visual, Auditory, Tactile and kinestatic ) . During one of the tutorial, our coach asks the category to take part in a study that calculates our intelligence and I realize everyone have different intelligences. Reflecting that back to our educational system, I realize the traditional instruction scheme promotes on merely two sorts of intelligence: verbal/linguistic and logical/mathematics and negl ects the remainder. This is when I realize that each kid is alone in his/her ain manner, in footings of â€Å" rational profile † and types of acquisition manners. My preferable manner of larning may non be the same as some of them. I so come to a decision that there is no one-size-fits-all attack and this is true particularly in a diverse schoolroom in multicultural Singapore where kids comes from different backgrounds and civilizations.Deductions on PedogogyMy personal teaching method has been changed to acknowledging that as instructors, we need to be flexible and understand that â€Å" pull offing today ‘s diverse schoolrooms requires the cognition, accomplishments, and sensitivities to work with pupils from diverse racial, cultural, linguistic communication, and societal category backgrounds † ( Weinstein, Romana & A ; Mignana, 2011 ) . As stated by Moreno and Abercrombie ( 2010 ) , we need to understand how to â€Å" suit direction so that all kids can exe cute to their full potency † . Instruction should get down by presuming that every individual pupil are capable of larning and has a personal and alone manner of larning where I can detect and construct upon ( Grant & A ; Sleeter, 2005 ) .The debut of differentiated direction so shed some visible radiation on how I can accomplish this contributing schoolroom environment that meet the larning demands of assorted heterogenous groups of pupils. Ddifferentiated direction is an umbrella construct that incorporates the usage of assorted learning schemes ( Allan, n.d. ) and where lessons are planned with the demands of diverse scholars in head. Some applications that I will follow are utility course of study, differentiated prep and alteration of stuffs. Substitute course of study provides alternate instructional stuffs or adapts the course of study in footings of sum of content based on different larning demands, guaranting that pupils will non experience left out when they could non maintain up with the general gait. The usage of differentiated prep allows weaker pupils to get the hang losing accomplishments, and besides extension of content to dispute the stronger pupils, providing to the different abilities of the category. Alteration of stuffs can besides back up the acquisition of pupils, particularly those with particular demands. For illustration, for pupils with ocular damage, we can hold big print stuffs, for haptic s cholars, we can do usage of concrete stuffs to convey across the abstract constructs of Mathematicss and besides we can supply simplified version of excess notes for pupils who could non maintain up with their work. It may be besides utile to first happen out the acquisition profiles, the involvements and anterior cognition of the pupils through studies or former instructors so as to better be after the direction course of study for the category. All in all, I feel that as present pedagogues, we must avoid presuming homogeneousness of our pupils ‘ abilities ( Grant & A ; Sleeter, 2005 ) . With the addition of immigrants in Singapore and more volatile planetary traffic, the diverseness is reflected within our schoolrooms and therefore, as we assumed the function of a instructor, we need to make a schoolroom environment that maximizes larning for each pupil. It is a complicated yet indispensable procedure to be aware of the assorted demands of the category as a whole, runing from different intelligence, larning manners to different particular demands, guaranting every pupil ‘s possible is nurtured and maximized.DecisionThroughout the class, I learnt that in order to be an effectual instructor, it requires us to hold a comprehensive apprehension of why and what are we making in our schoolrooms. In the past, I was excessively focused on myself where I worry about what are the challenges I may confront and what is the learning manner that is most convenient to me. However, I realized that as we assume the function of a instructor, we need to maneuver from being me-centered to student-centered. We need to be aware of what are the educational purpose we have for our pupils and acknowledging their acquisition demands. All in all, I felt that this class has been challenging and helps me turn professionally. It reminds me of the demand to constantly reflect upon our personal teaching method and guarantee that it is up-to-date such that it is cognizant of current challenges and new alterations. Of class, my development of instructor will non stop here and at that place will be new find of thoughts and schemes in the hereafter. However, I believe with an unfastened bosom and willingness to larn, I will decidedly hold a well-thought out personal teaching method that equips me to be a good instructor. Wordss: 2094

Cooperation Is Important Essay Example

Cooperation Is Important Essay Example Cooperation Is Important Essay Cooperation Is Important Essay Cooperation has the most crucial part in our lives. If you want to possess a satisfied status in this social milieu, you have to collaborate with your team to have a great achievement. I reckon that only people who accomplish goals and solve problems with other people can achieve the real success. The example that is about Frederick Douglass can bolster my point of view. Frederick Douglass was an American social reformer, orator writer and statesman. He fought for free and the black’s rights during his whole life.Douglass was a firm believer in the equality of all people, whether black, or recent immigrant, famously quoted as saying, I would unite with anybody to do right and with nobody to do wrong. Capable of high attainments as an intellectual and moral being- needing nothing but a comparatively small amount of cultivation to make him an ornament to society and a blessing to his race- by the law of the land, by the voice of the people, by the terms of the slave code, he was only a piece of property, a beast of burden, a chattel personal, nevertheless!In his life, he has made many choices for example Douglass first tried to escape from Freeland, who had hired him out from his owner Colonel Lloyd, but was unsuccessful. In 1836, he tried to escape from his new owner Covey, but failed again. In 1837, Douglass met and fell in love with Anna Murray, a free black woman in Baltimore about five years older than he was. Her freedom strengthened his belief in the possibility of gaining his own freedom.On September 3, 1838, Douglass successfully escaped by boarding a train to Havre de Grace, Maryland. Dressed in a sailor’s uniform, provided to him by Murray, who also gave him part of her savings to cover his travel costs, he carried identification papers which he had obtained from a free black seaman. He crossed the Susquehanna by ferry at Havre de Grace, then continued by train to Wilmington, Delaware.From there he went by steamboat to Quaker City, and continued to the safe house of abolitionist David Ruggles in New York. In a word, without the help of others, Frederick Douglass cannot escape from the control of his slaveholder and he also cannot have such a great achievement. So the real success is achieved by people who accomplish goals and solve problems with the cooperation with others instead of on their own.

Midterm Reflective Portfolio Essays

Midterm Reflective Portfolio Essays Midterm Reflective Portfolio Essay Midterm Reflective Portfolio Essay Essay Topic: Reflective Midterm Reflective Portfolio Dennis Brown Writing Fundamentals Eng 090 Instructor Rotem May A paragraph is a collection of related sentences dealing with a . single topic. A paragraph can be divided into three major parts a topic sentence, supporting details and a conclusion sentence. Paragraph writing consists of many elements, before, while and after writing. Creating a main idea and using supporting details are strategies for writing an effective paragraph. Usually I use paragraphs in school, and also for business situations. Brainstorming a topic would be the easiest aspect of paragraph writing in my opinion. Creating a topic for discussion isn’t challenging compared to other aspects. The hardest aspect would be using the guidelines of paragraph writing. In the past four weeks I have learned numerous things about writing. I learned to begin with an idea. After developing an idea support those ideas with examples for further understanding, and learning the importance of introductions and conclusions. Writing paragraphs helps to able to write more effectively for school assignments. Reflecting on my experiences with illustration paragraphs I chose an issue that related to me as choice of topic. Choosing the topic was my easiest step in the writing process. I enjoy researching information for personal purpose as well as to be visual with my ideas. Creating different ways to rephrase my examples was the biggest challenge it’s what I would need to work on most. Using different was to rephrase my examples would make my ideas flow more effectively. I learned as a writer that I have the ability to be creative in ideas. My goals of being visual in my thoughts on a college level were achieved. In remembrance with the definition paragraph I used a topic I was interested in. Using a topic that aroused my interest was the most comfortable portion of the assignment. Carefully following the structure of a definition paragraph is what I would like to work on. I believe the development of the structure will turn out better essays. I learned approaches to explain different terms. My goals of being a definitive writer have been achieved. Earlier increasing my understanding of writing, structures and grammar usage were goals that were set. Now being more efficient towards the criteria of production is an immediate goal. I would like to create a sense of urgency in creativity also in my development as a writer. In my progress I will spend more than time and motivate myself to meet the goals I set. A website entitled â€Å"Value for your life† was a resource I used in my goal setting. The tips included were kept in my thoughts in writing. In conclusion paragraph writing is a challenging aspect of writing. During the process of completing the assignment I was able to expand my level of thoughts improving my skills overall as a writer. I attend to become a better with each increasing week and will set more and more goals in my writing and will achieve those goals using strong work ethic. Upon completion of the course I intend to make easy aspects of writing easier. The hard aspects also will become easier tasks.

Report Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Report Plan - Essay Example (What product, service, or program will you recommend?) The topic of the report would be improvement in the providing financial aid to poor but deserving students. The current financial aid process requires students to apply a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) form which would be forwarded to the Federal Student Aid Programs (U.S. Department of Education, 2013). As disclosed, the receipt of the FAFSA by the Federal Student Aid Programs will prompt the Department of Education to issue an official Student Aid Report (SAR) to the applicant. After which, the educational facility would be provided with a copy of the SAR electronically. The processing normally takes four to six weeks and there is difficulty in following up the status of the student’s application after the FAFSA has been forwarded to the Federal Student Aid Program due to the volume of applications received. As such, the student who applied for financial aid has little recourse if the application is de nied at the last moment and thereby, provides the student with virtually no alternative courses to seek financial assistance and enroll in graduate programs, as planned. 3. Identify the purpose of the report. (What need or problem will the product, service, or program resolve?) The purpose of the report, therefore, is to provide students applying for financial aid under the graduate services program with other alternative courses for financial assistance; in addition , or in lieu of the application with FAFSA. Hopefully, educational institutions should have their specific financial aid program to support the academic needs of deserving students and which could be processed on a shorter time frame to enable incoming graduate students to plan for the academic endeavor prior to formal school opening. 4. Identify potential resources that will be needed for support. To support the report, the potential resources that could be researched are: (1) private institutions that provide educatio nal support and financial aid which could be tapped by incoming graduate students; (2) some form of promissory note agreement could be forged between the student and the graduate studies administrator to determine the fees for a particular semester and accommodate the minimum fee that could enroll the student on a lay-away or down payment scheme; and (3) provision of greater opportunities to be accepted to the graduate assistantship program (Graduate Assistantships, 2013). 5. Identify methods to be used to gather information. To gather pertinent information on the abovementioned resources, the following data could be researched: (1) secondary sources of information of private scholarships being provided; (2) pros and cons of promissory note methods; and (3) weighing pros and cons of being admitted to the graduate assistantship program as students are pursuing their master’s degrees. Likewise, other previous secondary sources of information conducted by authoritative authors o n the subject could provide needed support. If time would allow, other sources of gathering information could be through survey or questionnaire method, interviews, or through primary method of research. 6. Identify criteria to be used to evaluate the information collected. (What factors will you consider to make your recommendation?) To evaluate the information collected, the factors that would be considered are as follows: To apply for